Communication Is A Poor Understanding Of Communication Essay

We already have the basic skills that it takes to make everyday communication possible. After all, it’s something we’ve picked up on over time simply by listening and observing others. So why go the extra mile to learn more about something we have been doing since as long as we can remember? I have found that the answer is a lot simpler than one might expect. As we know communication is inescapable, we spend between 80 – 90% of our waking hours doing it. [4] Sadly, much of it is misinterpreted due to a poor understanding of proper communication skills. I believe that advancing our knowledge of communication will help to minimize these misinterpretations and maximize efficiency in all aspects of life. That said, communication is a far more complicated subject than I had ever imagined. Luckily its framework can be narrowed down into five principles: (1) be aware of your communication with yourself and others, (2) effectively use and interpret verbal messages, (3) effectively use and interpret nonverbal messages, (4) Listen and respond thoughtfully to others, and (5) appropriately adapt messages to others - each of which can be further broken down into subcategories. [4] I will be using these principles to break down the areas of communication I feel are my strong and weak points. To do so we must understand at least the most basic aspects in each. Keep in mind that when we describe ourselves, whether it’s how we look physically or our interior identities, we are to someShow MoreRelatedCommunication Barriers in the Workplace1113 Words   |  4 PagesCommunication barriers in the workplace Communication is the conveyance and flow of ideas from one person to another. The exchange of information takes place through letters, words, symbols and nonverbal behaviors. It involves the transmission of ideas from the sender to the receiver. Communication is effective only if the receiver fully understands the transmitted information. Many problems and failures occur in organizations due to poor communication. Objective and goals fail due to misunderstandingsRead MoreCultural Diversity At The California College Of Arts1234 Words   |  5 Pagesresulted in diversity in studies. This has not only affected the students but has led to poor results. Staff members including professors and administrators view students coming from low-income backgrounds as students not well prepared for academics. Latino students and black students have been associated with poor academic performance basing on their cultural practices. The professors have identified them as poor performers. Some student s have viewed black students as inferior pupils, in that suggestionsRead MoreLiterature Review : The Ntu Library916 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch used. The literature was used for the following headings; communication in the construction industry; communication vocabulary; Common communication barriers; overcoming communication barriers; Information and communication technology impacts and effectiveness. The breakdown of literature into headings will be done to review current literature and go further into each heading specifically. This will show a solid understanding of the highlighted discussion areas which are of relevant use fromRead MoreSelf Concept Through Interpersonal Communication Essay1340 Words   |  6 Pagesinterpersonal communication because I had an interest in it. This interest is because I didnt understand that ones self-concept affected the way one is perceived by others. I learned self-concept through class discussions, but I wanted a better understanding of ho w communication affects ones self-concept and how it affects ones perception Ones self-concept affects ones perception, attitude and behavior, which can be demonstrated during the process of interpersonal communication. AspectsRead MoreNurses and Non Verbal Communication1265 Words   |  6 PagesNon Verbal Communication Xu, staples and Shen define nonverbal communication as â€Å"facial expression and body language† and further mentions that communication is a reciprocal process between 2 or more people relaying understanding, ensuring the output is acknowledges and correctly conveyed. Video three’s interview indicates poor non verbal communication between 4:36 and 4:54. The Nurses’ body language is closed, leaning over the interview documents, not facing the patient, nor making eye contactRead More Communication Processes Used Within My Organization Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication is important for the internal functioning of the organization and for interaction with the external environment. Communication is the transfer of information from a sender to a receiver, with the information being understood by the receiver. The communication process begins with the sender, who encodes an idea that is sent in oral, written, visual or some other form to the receiver. The receiver decodes the message and gains and understanding of what the sender wants to communicateRead MoreEssay on Communication in Radiology1561 Words   |  7 Pagesunnoticed by patients. It’s essential for doctors to have a general understanding of radiology procedures in order to treat patients appropriately. Mandatory training for physician assistants on understanding radiology exams will enhance communication between P.A’s and technologists, clarify communication between P.A’s and patients, and eliminate unnecessary radiation exposure by ordering radiology exams appropriately. Communication between technologists and P.A’s must improve. The constant struggleRead MoreEssay about Close Relationships Sometimes Mask Poor Communication625 Words   |  3 PagesClose Relationships Sometimes Mask Poor Communication Tanya Christian 122 English Composition II Interpersonal Communication August 2, 2011 1 After reading the article on Close Relationships Sometimes Mask Poor Communication it hit home for me. Me and my fiancà © have poor communication skills. We have been together for the past eight years, and we still have a problem commutating. He likes to take over the conversation, or cut me off when we are talking. He said that is becauseRead MoreSocial, Cultural And Historical Factors That Contributes Poor Communication1657 Words   |  7 PagesCommunication is the process of passing information from the sender to the receiver, it involves the use of words in verbal and written forms as well as signs of body language such as facial expressions. It is vital in the healthcare sector as it aids in building intrapersonal, interpersonal and group relationships. It is very important that doctors and nurses have a clear understanding of how to communicate within the healthcare sector. Poor communication emerges when the information is relayedRead MoreDifferent Interpretations Of Rework Within The Construction Management Literature1084 Words   |  5 Pagesrework have been found to be numerous. Table 1 shows the major factors, their shares and the range of authors within the pool contributing to each factor. As one can see, poor communication was indicated more as one of the greatest rework source. Communication And Rework A considerable amount of research has identified poor communication as accounting for rework (Love et al., 1999; Love, 2002b; Fayek et al., 2003; Love and Smith, 2003; Love and Edwards, 2004a; Love et al., 2004; Palaneeswaran, 2006; Hwang

A Hope in the Unseen Essay - 2413 Words

A Hope in the Unseen by Ron Suskind is an amazingly touching story for any future teacher. It gives hope to every student who is trying to make it in life. It enforces the importance of teacher expectations, human capital, and cultural capital. It touches on funding issues and the irrelevance of standardized testing. Cedric Jennings life was everything but easy. He never had the opportunity to take the short, easy path, instead always being forced onto the long, winding road; in Cedrics case it gradually led to a world of success. Everyone, future teachers and others alike, should take the lessons in this story to heart, both as an example and as inspiration. Set high goals... achieve high goals. This should be the theme in every†¦show more content†¦The other students lacked the drive to achieve. The teachers would make a poor attempt to teach to them, and often passing grades are granted just for showing up (Suskind pg. 46). Some teachers may have even made the lessons easier to accommodate the perception they had of the students. The lack of support for these children did just as the Pygmalion Effect predicts; poor expectations equal poor results. The school was lacking on resources so the standard teaching tool was a worksheet (Suskind pg. 17). Attendance is too irregular and books too scarce, even in the advanced sections, to actually teach many lessons during class. Often worksheets are just the previous days homework, and Cedric can finish them quickly (Suskind pg. 17). There were many teachers fighting against Cedric, in a discussion two teachers said, That Cedric...nothing but trouble. Quick tongue and too much pride (S uskind pg. 17). Cedric had a 4.02 GPA and was nearly first in his class, though his teachers rarely offered encouragement. What motivated Cedric was the drive to prove them all wrong. Suskind called this something to push against. Later as he progressed and made his way out of Ballou, he went on to MIT where the professors and administrators did not believe in him either. They saw him as a poor black male that would never make it on his own. In their eyes he was not keeping up with the rest of the children andShow MoreRelatedA Hope in the Unseen: Analisys1539 Words   |  7 PagesA Hope in the Unseen follows Cedric Jennings through various obstacles on his path to success as a young African American male in the mid 1990s. Ron Suskind does a stellar job creating the intricate background for the events of the novel. Residing in the inner city of Washington D.C., Cedric must overcome a culture of malaise where an intelligent black male is often ridiculed with terms such as cracker and white. The teachers have no faith in the future of their students, and most parents areRead MoreCedric Jennings in A Hope in the Unseen by Ron Suskind785 Words   |  4 PagesCedric Jennings in A Hope in the Unseen by Ron Suskind Throughout the novel, A Hope in the Unseen by Ron Suskind, Cedric Jennings is a minority student in a poor, inner city school, trying to fight his way up to the top. He has a greater hope for himself than the overwhelming majority of the other students at Ballou High. Cedric faces many challenges to eventually make his way to Brown University. According to Labaree, Cedric is exercising the goal of social mobility, meaning that he worksRead MoreHuman Experience of Illness842 Words   |  4 PagesThe goal of the healing environment is to remove the patient from all the toxic and hazards to give them time to heal. Three concepts that help creating a stable environment will be explain in this paper. These concepts are the seen environment, the unseen environment, and the storied environment. Three concept of the Healing Environment The seen environment is the physical environment that pertains to all the objects that can be touched, seen, smelled, measured, etc. Painting the rooms with neutralRead MoreHurt People Hurt People1138 Words   |  5 PagesPeople A Critique Dr. Wilson opens her book by stating, â€Å"It’s true, isn’t it? Hurt people hurt people.† (2001 pg.9) It is Dr. Wilson’s belief that by shedding light on Hurt People Hurt People she shows a cycle that can be broken. Wilson explores unseen wounds, how they are created through childhood, and caretakers within our lifetime. Dr.Wilson exhaustively demonstrates the help there is for the different wounds and how to heal them. She provides information for healing self inflected wounds, worshipersRead MoreTitle : Go Fish Text : John 4: 1-42 The Woman at the Well. Main Idea: Sharing the good news700 Words   |  3 Pagesall the way here in MD? Share how you where before you came to Jesus. How did you come to Jesus? – Life verse and what did you hear? What is your life like now that you came to Jesus? See the unseen. – How my mother saw the unseen and gave hope to Mary the bag lady story. More about that later. 4. Hope (vv.25-26) IV. Witnessing is a major aspect of Christian living - I Corinthians 10:31-33 See also Mt 10:32–33; 2 Co 4:13; 1 Jn 2:23; 1 Jn 4:15 How does your life exemplify Jesus? Show them thatRead MoreAn Analysis Of Ros Suskind s A Hope1690 Words   |  7 PagesRos Suskind: A hope in the Unseen A typical high school student like Cedric Jennings in the novel ‘A hope in the Unseen’ would never prefer to write on the style and voice of a novel over a mathematical derivation of two pages. Style is very difficult to determine in a novel, but what is more difficult is to find the thin and blurred line between style and voice. Theoretically, while style is the way by which an author chooses words, makes decisions on sentence structures; whether long or short,Read MoreAnalysis Of Spredemanns Whirligig By Paul Fleischman971 Words   |  4 PagesAlexandra and Steph. The author says â€Å"But just in case unseen forces do exist, I pay my respects to them by keeping the whirligig painted and repaired. I check it after every winter. Sometimes Alexandra helps† (Fleischman 32). The whirligig Steph finds is one of a girl with the face of Lea, with shells and other chimes hanging from her neck. It is a big whirligig in Maine, very colorful. Steph thinks of the whirligig as a kind of hope, an â€Å"unseen force† that can do anything at anytime. It is kind ofRead MoreDifference Between Spirituality And Religion Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing part of the greater whole. They tell a story of universalism and becoming self- transcendence. †¢ What are the different names given to ultimate reality? (pg.8, para. 6) The different names for ultimate reality is immanent and transcendent. †¢ Unseen Reality. What is this all about? (pgs.8-10) It is about seeing the other side of the world like enlightenment, realization, illumination, satori, awakening, self-knowledge, gnosis, ecstatic communion. †¢ †¢ Note the difference between sacred and profaneRead MoreVerses774 Words   |  4 Pagesgracious to you; he rises to show you compassion. For the Lord is a God of justice. Blessed are all who wait for him! Isaiah 30:18 For I know the plans I have for you, declares the Lord, plans to prosper you and not harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.   Then you will call upon me and come and pray to me, and I will listen to you.   You will seek me and find me when you seek me with all your heart. Jeremiah 29:11-13 Have I not commanded you? Be strong and courageous. Do not beRead MoreEssay about Elements of Journalism1032 Words   |  5 Pages it must keep the news comprehensive and proportional, and its practitioners must be allowed to exercise their personal conscience. These elements are to be used in relation to any piece of journalism. Therefore, as I look at Suskinds A Hope in the Unseen I will evaluate his use or lack of use of these nine elements. Journalisms first obligation is to the truth. This is a simple concept, however, there is said to be much conflict over the fact that one persons interpretation of what

The Suicide Of A Person Who Kills Him - 1572 Words

To commit suicide is when a person who kills him/herself. In the year of 2014, 1,668 teenagers commit suicide in United State. Each year the number of suicides gets higher. Teenager who suicides were being impulsive, impulsiveness is when the person acts without thinking through a plan or its consequences. The most common age that who commit suicide is the age of thirteen through eighteen. At the age of thirteen through eighteen, they go through puberty. So at that time they have many problems going on around them. Seventy-seven percent of all suicide is males and thirty-four percent of females’ suicide. The report shows that females have higher rates†¦show more content†¦He was upset about his grade that he got a bad mark on a math test and he was afraid what his parents’ reaction would be and he wants to talk to somebody, but his girlfriend just broke up with him so, he h as no one to talk to. He went to his parents’ room and opens the safe, there was a gun and he thought about it that he wants to kill himself. He heard his little sister opening the front door that she was coming from school. So, Evan thought that his little sister would be alone, so he put away the gun back to the safe and join his sister to watch television. After a while he thought about it, that he wants to kill himself and it a scary thought and how he was grateful that in the end he didn’t kill himself. He spoke to his parents about it and they told him that they will help him and that they are there for him and told him that everything would be okay. This shows that sometime teenagers want to kill themselves to have not the feeling of loneliness at that moment, but afterwards when they change their mind and realize their mistakes. Teenagers are young and they should live up for their rest of their live; there are many reasons why teenagers would kill themselves. Teenagers would suicide because it will kill themselves faster and are less painful. Ninety percent of teens have a mental health problem for examples, being depressed, have anxiety, drug orShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1356 Words   |  6 Pagesactions taken against him. Throughout the play, there are many examples of how Hamlet displays his insanity due to certain situations he experiences and how he handles them. Hamlet shows his madness through the killing of Polonius, his treatment of Ophelia, his thoughts of suicide, and the treatment of his mother Gertrude. The first example of Hamlet’s obvious madness is the killing of Polonius. â€Å"After the closet scene, the Queen comes to speak to Claudius. She tells him, as Hamlet has asked herRead MoreGreenland Is The Suicide Capital Of The World874 Words   |  4 PagesGreenland is to be considered the suicide capital of the world. The government of Greenland states that one in five people have attempted suicide. 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StatRead MoreHyundai Commercial Analysis Essay988 Words   |  4 Pageseasily forgotten. However the impact of this message can be an extremely negative image for Hyundai. The image they end up portraying can cause extremely negative publicity or send people the wrong message. Portraying the message that committing suicide is both acceptable and can be extremely easy. The advertisement I’ve picked ended up being the Hyundai commercial attempting to sell their new air filter with 100% water emissions. Furthermore the video starts out with a front view of a house inRead MoreThe Client Of A Mental Health Facility989 Words   |  4 PagesThe Client’s Right To Die A client that has expressed he has been suffering from severe bipolar disorder and his quality of life is so compromised by his illness that he logically and rationally chooses suicide, should be involuntary admitted to a mental health facility. As a counselor for the client it is ethically necessary to try to minimize harm where it is foreseeable and unavoidable (3.04, American Psychological Association, 2002). Subsequently, petitioning to have the client admitted toRead MoreDavid Hume s Morality Of Suicide1722 Words   |  7 PagesDavid Hume argues against those who oppose the morality of suicide. He approaches this discussion in a philosophical manner and disregards a superstitious mind set as he claims can lead to ‘false opinion’. A man of superstition is prevented from ending his life that is filled with extreme misery because a superstitious deposition adds to the fear of death rendering a man helpless from the control over his own destiny. â€Å"†¦when th e menaces of superstition are joined to this natural timidity, no wonderRead MoreThe International Code Of Medical Ethics1414 Words   |  6 PagesI think those who have a terminal illness and are in great pain should have the right to choose to end their lives, and those who help them should be free from prosecution, British cosmologist Stephen Hawking told the BBC. Live and Death is directly or indirectly controlled by universal energy to whom we call God. A person who is suffering from the severe brain damage, his/her body system is partially working but brain is almost dead has universal right to live till his/her last breath but, asRead MoreHonor-Shame Code in The Tale of the Heike Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pagescould defeat an opponent by exiling him, insulting him, or even taking revenge upon him. Because being defeated was shameful, warriors would kill themselves before being killed by the opponent. If a warrior failed in his duty, suicide would be the necessary measure ta ken to regain honor. Not only could suicide be a way to gain honor, it could also be a way to shame someone. If you prohibit your enemy from killing himself (exiling him) then you have shamed him. It was the warriors’ duty in Heike toRead MoreEssay Voluntary Euthanasia and Life Support1077 Words   |  5 Pagesreviving the patient in case of a heart failure, et cetera. There is also assisted suicide. 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Innovation of Auckland University Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Innovation of Auckland University. Answer: Introduction Open innovation has got a lot of fame and recognition because additional companies are changing themselves from close to open innovation. This report depicts the process of innovation from companies like Auckland University and Sistema. If the comparison comes between Auckland University and Sistema then it is evident that Auckland University is a big scale organization whereas Sistema is a small scale organization, therefore the difference of innovation process in the purpose will be there. The report gives an insight on the process followed by each of the organization and the divergence between the two. Globalization has led to the enlargement of the market competition all over the world and the life cycles of a variety of products have diminished significantly. The organizations both large and small are gradually shifting from closed innovation to open innovation models so that they gain competitive advantage in the market. Innovation in Auckland University Auckland University is one of the organizations that have adapted to the open innovation and have started centers for open innovation research and development. This University fully focuses on innovation and has a formal approach to it. The university has developed documents, which includes all the strategies that will be used for applying open innovation. The university uses tied innovation, which combines both the inbound and outbound innovation process. The organization is very open about the knowledge they use and they have gained a lot from it. They share it with other organizations as well so that they gain outbound knowledge from other universities as well (Gaziulusoy, Boyle McDowall, 2013). It comprises of various programs that ensure so that can find new dimensions in innovation and contribute to the society by applying to these courses. The organization has started other programs which will ensure them that they receive outbound innovation from other parts of the world (Ga rca-Pealvo et al., 2015). The conviction of this organization is that there are lots of innovative people with innovative ideas outside the organization, and which can help to improve the innovation process of the organization. The organization therefore thinks that the beginning of the research does not have to be an internal process and the organization can take the help of external sources to earn profits or improve the internal process of innovation. The organization believes in budding a policy and model which will be far better and effective than the models of the other organizations (Vanhaverbeke et al., 2017). Nonetheless, that does not mean the company will be the first one to enter the market, because market profit is not entirely dependent on the market. The rapid change of the meaning of innovation only happened because of the completion of the process of the open innovation (Bogers et al., 2017). This organization believes in sharing the intellectual property and in order to help the strategic st andards they are keen to buy intellectual property of other organizations. This clearly points out the willingness of this organization and to share intellectual property with other organizations focuses on the long-term sustainability of the organization. However, the organization knows that a strong paradigm for the business will be the key to gaining competitive advantage in the market and is capable in understanding the importance of a business model and knows that a strong example for the business will be the key to gain competitive advantage in the market. Innovation in Sistema Plastics Sistema Plastics is a company, which deals in storage of food and is mainly focused on the process of closed innovation. The type of innovation process used by the Sistema Plastics Company is totally different from the University of Auckland (Cassiman Valentini, 2016). The company has ethnicity which always has been protective about their intellectual property and mainly focuses on their closed innovation. The company also had issues with the companies they worked with regarding the use of their intellectual property. The company believes that the best of the smart minds works in their company and inbound innovation process (Du, Leten, Vanhaverbeke, 2014). The company wants to use their own profit and develop their own machinery. They untested the products before launching so that the intellectual rights of the product can be protected. The company itself wants to be the innovator in the market section and want to be the first one to launch a technology in the market. They feel tha t the gain will always be because of the innovators in the market with competitive advantage and make most of the profits in the company. The Sistema plastics are one of the leading businesses. Sistema plastics which are an Auckland based storage company is being purchased by US based Newell Brands. This product of have been proved useful and good in several household. The organization also feels that the company who has the most advanced idea and more innovation will be the company gaining the competitive advantage in the market. It also believes in having full control over their intellectual property because this will stop their rivals from taking advantage of their innovations (Stanko, Fisher, Bogers, 2017). Barriers to Open Innovation Barriers are always there to open any new system; any good things come only after facing big challenges. Humans are known as opposing any new things. Even though there is most of the company who have successfully adapted open innovation, still there are some which face problems. Managing performance of an open innovation is very difficult as it faces a lot of problems by its employees as well as the competitors. As the idea comes in a collective way and there are many minds that help to establish the ideas therefore there is often a problem that is faced because of ownership (West Bogers, 2014). The process of using open innovation is a time consuming process as it consists of chain of command and every decision has to go through various process phases. However, the organization is being focused only on open innovation and is also very much careful about the risk in the market. Discussion of the Barriers It is difficult to provide an even leadership. This is one of the key challenges which most of the organization faces. Open innovation can often go through imbalance, when different types of organization comes together. In that case the leading organization comes into power but however it creates a lot of problems in the companies (Markman, 2016). Both the organization faces this problem. Though Auckland University is gaining more knowledge by using the outbound innovation method, they can develop a business model which is better than the other competitors in the market. However, the strategy of Sistema is to be the market innovator by launching their technology first in the market. Auckland University believes in establishing a good relationship with the rival organizations so that they can trade their technological values to gain a better model. However, Sistema believes in creating patents of their products before launching into the market so that they can ensure that their techno logy remains safe. The organization being a small-scale organization believes in protecting their intellectual property (Erokhina, 2013). Both the organization is facing similar problems regarding open innovations. Even though the barriers can seem to be as serious problems yet the need to overcome this is important as open innovation helps the company in a much superior way. There will be many barriers but to realize its full potential the company has to see itself as a larger bionetwork than a small remote island (Manzini, Lazzarotti, Pellegrini, 2017). Through the communication action and the leadership of the company these companies have to create a culture where open innovation is considered as a smart and strategic option in respect of knowledge and creativity (Chesbrough, 2017). Conclusion: The innovation process in both the companies has matured and is certainly providing the company with market lead which should be kept closed. This is the case for Sistema Plastic and the process of innovation. Innovation processes are always complicated and it involves several great minds. A mixture of those great minds can create a miracle as well as chaos. Therefore to adapt open innovation an organization has to be bold enough to do so. Thus, it can be said that the open innovation process is a complementary process and even after facing several barriers, it worth taking this risk. However, the companies which have a strong inbound innovation method be it Auckland University or Sistema Plastics it will be able to carry out and benefit from this process. References: West, J., Bogers, M. (2014). Leveraging external sources of innovation: a review of research on open innovation.Journal of Product Innovation Management,31(4), 814-831. Gaziulusoy, A. ?., Boyle, C., McDowall, R. (2013). System innovation for sustainability: a systemic double-flow scenario method for companies.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, 104-116. Erokhina, E. V. (2013). Regional'naya innovatsionnaya sistema i novaya paradigma upravleniya [Regional innovation system and new management paradigm].Kaluga, ZAO Prait-K Publ. Garca-Pealvo, F. J., Blanco, . F., Sein-Echaluce, M. L. (2015, October). Educational innovation management: a case study at the university of salamanca. InProceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality(pp. 151-158). ACM. Du, J., Leten, B., Vanhaverbeke, W. (2014). Managing open innovation projects with science-based and market-based partners.Research Policy,43(5), 828-840. Chesbrough, H. (2017). The Future of Open Innovation: The future of open innovation is more extensive, more collaborative, and more engaged with a wider variety of participants.Research-Technology Management,60(1), 35-38. Markman, A. B. (Ed.). (2016).Open Innovation: Academic and Practical Perspectives on the Journey from Idea to Market. Oxford University Press. Cassiman, B., Valentini, G. (2016). Open innovation: Are inbound and outbound knowledge flows really complementary?.Strategic Management Journal,37(6), 1034-1046. Vanhaverbeke, W., Roijakkers, N., Lorenz, A., Chesbrough, H. (2017). The Importance of Connecting Open Innovation to Strategy. InStrategy and Communication for Innovation(pp. 3-15). Springer International Publishing. Bogers, M., Zobel, A. K., Afuah, A., Almirall, E., Brunswicker, S., Dahlander, L., ... Hagedoorn, J. (2017). The open innovation research landscape: Established perspectives and emerging themes across different levels of analysis.Industry and Innovation,24(1), 8-40. Stanko, M. A., Fisher, G. J., Bogers, M. (2017). Under the Wide Umbrella of Open Innovation.Journal of Product Innovation Management,34(4), 543-558. Manzini, R., Lazzarotti, V., Pellegrini, L. (2017). How to remain as closed as possible in the open innovation era: the case of Lindt Sprngli.Long range planning,50(2), 260-281.